ABSTRACT: The use of nitrogen (N) in pastoral ecosystems leads to increased productivity, as it allows the plant to elongate its leaves and, therefore, grazing herbivores harvest the green leaves. However, there are very volatile N sources, which can be replaced by ammonium nitrate, which is less volatile and less dependent on the application in rainy days. The treatments are compound of Marandu palisade grass pastures managed under continuous stocking at a canopy height of 25 cm, with different levels of N fertilizer: 0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1year-1, as ammonium nitrate (32% of N), with four replicates (pastures) in a completely randomized design. Nitrogen uptake (54.9, 96.5, 113.8 kg N ha-1) and N nutrition index (0.67, 0.98, 1.15) were different between N level, respectively, 0, 75 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1. The N recovery (58.3, 40.9 %) differed between 75 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. The dose of 75 kg N kg ha-1 year-1 results in better N utilization, while the dose of 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 enables greater stocking rate; therefore, requiring less grazing area.

RESUMO: O uso de nitrogênio (N) em ecossistemas pastoris leva ao aumento da produtividade, pois permite que a planta alongue suas folhas e, portanto, os herbívoros colham as folhas verdes. Porém, existem fontes de nitrogênio muito voláteis, que devem ser substituídas por nitrato de amônio, que é menos volátil e menos dependente da aplicação em dias chuvosos. Os tratamentos foram compostos por pastagens de capim-marandu, manejadas sob lotação contínua, na altura do dossel a 25 cm, com diferentes doses de N: 0, 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1, na forma de nitrato de amônio (32% de N), com quatro repetições (piquetes), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A absorção de nitrogênio (54,9; 96,5; 113,8 kg N ha-1) e o índice nutricional de N (0,67; 0,98; 1,15) foram diferentes entre as doses de N, respectivamente, 0, 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1. A recuperação de N (58,3; 40,9%) diferiu entre 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A dose de 75 kg N kg ha-1 ano-1 resultou em melhor aproveitamento do N, enquanto a dose de 150 kg N ha-1 ano-1 possibilita maior taxa de lotação; portanto, exigindo menos área de pastagem.

ABSTRACT The objectives were to evaluate the effects of monensin and virginiamycin, alone or combined, on supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously to evaluate intake, digestibility, CH4 emissions, blood parameters, performance, and carcass characteristics (Exp. 1), and ruminal fermentation and relative abundance of ruminal microorganisms (Exp. 2). Animals (n = 92 Exp. 1 and n = 12 Exp. 2) were distributed in a completely randomized design and allocated in twelve paddocks composed of Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés. A protein-energetic supplementation of 3 g/kg of BW per day was provided to all animals. Supplements were: without additives (WA), monensin alone at 80 mg/kg of product (MN), virginiamycin alone at 150 mg/kg of product (VM), and monensin (80 mg/kg of product) combined with virginiamycin (150 mg/kg of product; MNVM). Treatments did not affect intakes of total dry matter (DM), supplement DM, and nutrients. However, the intakes of forage DM and crude protein decreased in cattle fed MNVM compared with animals fed WA, MN, and VM. Total volatile fatty acids increased in animals fed VM. Ruminal NH3-N decreased, and pH increased in animals fed MN, VM, and MNVM. Relative abundance of total F. succinogenes and S. ruminantium decreased and R. flavefaciens increased in animals fed MN and VM at d 118. Treatments had no effect on enteric CH4 emissions. The average daily gain (ADG) and total gain were greater in cattle fed MNVM than in cattle fed MN. Combination of monensin and virginiamycin altered the rumen microbial populations but did not decrease enteric CH4 emissions. However, it decreased forage dry matter intake without altering the ADG and total weight gain, leading to an increase in feed efficiency. Results from this study indicate an advantage in including feed additives combined in the diet of supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season.

RESUMO. Foram estudadas as características qualitativas de cinco músculos, maturados ou não, de quatorze bovinos da raça Nelore com 450 kg ± 30,7 kg de peso corporal e confinados por 60 dias com dieta contendo 60% de concentrado e 40% de volumoso na MS. Após o abate e resfriamento das carcaças, amostras dos músculos: picanha, (Biceps femoris - BF), contrafilé (Longissimus - LD), alcatra (Gluteus medius - GM), lagarto (Semitendinosus - ST) e acém (Trapezius thoracis - TT) foram retirados, embalados à vácuo e maturados em câmara B.O.D (0 a 2oC) por um, sete e 14 dias e posteriormente armazenadas a -20oC para análises químicas e de qualidade. Os dados foram analisados em um delineamento em split-plot utilizando o procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS. A maturação influencia nas características qualitativas e químicas da carne bovina, melhorando aspectos como a maciez (p < 0,01) e a luminosidade (p < 0,01). O músculo Trapezius thoracis tem uma maior estabilidade de cor quando comparado com o músculo Longissimus. Não é recomendada a maturação do músculo ST em razão deste não apresentar melhora em sua maciez. Os músculos GM e BF apresentam-se macios logo no primeiro dia, sendo que o processo de maturação para estes cortes é indicado em razão de agregar valor à carne.

ABSTRACT. This trial aimed to assess the qualitative traits of five muscles of 14 Nellore bulls with 450 kg ± 30.7 kg BW, feedlot fed for 60 days. After slaughter and carcass chilling, samples of the Biceps femoris (BF), Longissimus (LD), Gluteus medius (GM), Semitendinosus (ST) and Trapezius thoracis (TT) muscles were collected, vacuum-packed and aged at 0 to 2 ºC for 1, 7 and 14 days and subsequently stored at -20ºC for chemical and quality analysis. The pH, shear force, water holding capacity, cooking losses, meat color and ether extract were evaluated in all aging times. Data were analyzed in a split-plot design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Aging affected quality traits and chemical properties of the meat, improving aspects, such as tenderness (p < 0.01) and lightness (p < 0.01). The Trapezius thoracis muscle has a higher color stability compared with the Longissimus muscle. Aging is not recommended for the ST muscle because the tenderness is not improved. The GM and BF muscles are tender on the first day, and the aging process is indicated for these cuts for adding value to the beef.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a qualidade da carne maturada de tourinhos Nelore, sob dois graus de acabamento (GA) de carcaça. Foram utilizados 14 animais, com aproximadamente 450 ± 30 kg de peso corporal. A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) dos animais foi avaliada no início do período experimental. Foram escolhidos 14 animais com EGS de 0-3 mm e 3,1-6 mm, formando-se dois grupos ao final do experimento: animais com acabamento entre 3-6 mm (sete animais) e entre 6,1-10 mm (sete animais). A cada 28 dias foram avaliados a EGS entre a 12-13ª costelas com ajuda de unidade ultrassonográfica. Os valores de coloração da carne, pH, perdas por cocção e força de cisalhamento não tiveram efeito de interação entre os tratamentos (p > 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre o GA sobre o comprimento de sarcômero (p = 0,11). Houve interação entre GA e maturação sobre a capacidade de retenção de água (p < 0,01). Os graus de acabamento avaliados não interferem na qualidade da carne, mas carcaças com acabamento entre 6,1-10 mm apresentam maior capacidade de retenção de água. A maturação do músculo longissimus em até 14 dias melhora a maciez da carne.

This trial aimed to evaluate the quality of aged beef from Nellore young bulls under two yield grade (YG). Fourteen animals with approximately 450 ± 30 kg body weight were evaluated for backfat thickness (BFT) at the beginning of the experimental period. Seven animals had BFT of 0-3 mm and seven animals, 3.1-6 mm. Two groups were formed at the end of the experiment: animals finished with 3-6 mm BFT (seven animals) and animals finished with 6.1 to 10 mm BFT (seven animals). Every 28 days, we evaluated by ultrasound the BFT between the 12nd 13rd ribs. There was no interaction between YG and aging for beef color, pH, cooking losses and shear force (p > 0.05). There was no effect of YG on sarcomere length (p = 0.11). However, there was interaction between YG and aging on water holding capacity (p < 0.01). The yield grades evaluated did not interfere with meat quality, but carcasses with 6.1 - 10 mm of backfat thickness showed highest water holding capacity. The aging of the longissimus muscle for up to 14 days improves beef tenderness.